The inclusion of VVT on the exhaust camshaft side allows the Atlas series to meet emissions standards without the use of EGR, simplifying the engine design and increasing power for a broad power curve. Estimated International Ship Date:
The Atlas program began in 1995 along with the planning for GM's next-generation mid-size SUVs and pickup trucks. This allowed the engine to breath deeper during high-throttle situations, resulting in higher power without the fuel consumption penalty being present throughout the rev range. 470HP Vortec 4200 GM Inline-SixJeff Wieser, Dublin CA. Engine oil flowed into the phaser and operated a helical spline and piston. Apr 24, 2023
MAHLE's eutectic (12% silicon) aluminum alloy is performance proven . The piston pins are packed in a way that protects them from corrosion and they are enclosed with the piston, as are the pin locking devices (if required). Estimated International Ship Date:
At around $38.00 with Free S&H one might think that its TOO . Lateral gas porting on higher compression ratios. Sizes: CNC machined all Sizes and Angles for More precise. Sutter has been involved with engine programs for the last 30 years, ranging from Oldsmobiles Quad Four to Cadillacs current V-Series mills. 3.780 bore, 1.326 C.H., 7cc dish, Std. The entire engine line was definitely set up to add technology to better power and efficiency. Though Sutter didnt specify, a modern take on the engine could include direct fuel injection, cylinder deactivation, and even turbocharging. "Improved Performance and Efficiency Highlight a Robust Powertrain Lineup for '05", "2006 Vortec 3500 3.5L I-5 (L52) Spec Sheet", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Motors_Atlas_engine&oldid=1141935714, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 17:08. Terms of Use | Privacy and Security | Site Accessibility
MAHLE's eutectic (12% silicon) aluminum alloy is performance proven in literally millions of engines around the world including high output diesel engines and Formula One racing. Valve recess depth. As a result, they form a uniform body with extreme strength. Pro LS 2618 Forged Pistons.
Forged Pistons for The Vortec 8100 8.1l Marine Big-block Estimated International Ship Date:
Stroke, .945 pin Press or Float, NA/Boost/Nitrous, Coated, 4.8L 5.3L Vortec Truck The guys on Hot Rod Garage are building a couple of 4.2l engines to compare with the Barra (an Aussie) engine.
Additional information is available in this.
These parts may not be exchanged for others under any circumstances. And speaking of those individual ignition coils, the Vortec 4200 came with six of them (Obviously). Saturday 3/4/2023, Estimated USA Ship Date:
The same is true for the cylinder head, which came straight from casting with its intake and exhaust ports already formed. GMs 2007 refresh of the Atlas family brought changes to the Vortec 2800 as well.
When introduced, this engine's power was 270 hp (201 kW) at 6,000 rpm and torque was 275 lbft (373 Nm . ( 3 ), Pro LS 2618 Forged Pistons.
The package generated an impressive 400 horsepower at 5,200 rpm and 400 pound-feet of torque at 2,500 rpm. PIPER KING AIR 200 Piston Twin Aircraft For Sale in COUNCIL BLUFFS, IOWA 1 - 1 of 1 Listings. Stroke, .Gen.4 Rod, NA/Boost/Nitrous, Coated, 4.8L 5.3L LS Vortec Truck, Set of 8, Estimated USA Ship Date:
Both cams were operated via a timing chain with a hydraulically operated tensioner. Camshaft and crankshaft position sensors ensured the Powertrain Control Module could keep track of precise timing information. Call 800.979.0122, 7am-10pm, everyday.
Monday 3/6/2023
That meant it could use the same engine mounts and accessories as the V-8, saving parts costs and engineering expenses.
The Forgotten Inline Engine: GM's 4.2-liter Atlas I-6 - Top Speed CHEVROLET 4.8L/294 Pistons - Summit Racing Equipment B18C5 Forged Pistons; C30A NSX Pistons; C32B NSX Pistons; Acura Honda. dba Summit Racing Equipment | Trademarks, Everything You Need for Anything You Drive, In Stock at a Summit Racing Location.
3.810 bore, 1.326 C.H., 2cc dome, Std. Stroke, .945 pin Press or Float, NA/Boost/Nitrous, Coated, 4.8L 5.3L Vortec Truck, 4.33 out of 5 stars
The cam would then rotate relative to the cam sprocket, creating the different camshaft profile, which changed the timing of the exhaust valves opening. Despite the long list of similarities between the I-4, I-5, and I-6, the smaller engines were built at the Tonawanda Engine Plant in Tonawanda, New York. Estimated International Ship Date:
Ring carrier pistons with pin boss bushes These pistons for diesel engines have a ring carrier made from special cast iron that is connected metallically and rigidly with the piston material in order to make it more wear resistant, in particular in the first groove.
For race/ off road use or for use on pre-1966 vehicles.
( 7 ), Estimated USA Ship Date:
It was a packaging thing, said Sutter.
Critical rod dimensions are are held to very precise tolerances of +/- .0001 of an inch, which is the tightest tolerance you will find in the performance and racing aftermarket. The original manifold was a composite material he thought wasn't going to withstand boost pressures. California Rewire constructed the custom wiring harness that integrates the GM powertrain computer with the vehicle. Formerly KB Forged Pistons. The aluminum is very similar to the aluminum used in wheels, but is heat-treated to increase strength. Used Piston Twin Aircraft For Sale in COUNCIL BLUFFS, IOWA 1 - 1 of 1 Listings. Distance From Council Bluffs, Iowa Update.
Testing: Magnafluexed, X-Rayed / Sonic Testing for higher Quality.
The increase in displacement resulted in power increases as well, boosting horsepower to 242 at 5,600 rpm and torque to 242 pound-feet at 4,600 rpm.
GM says this helped eliminate play in the belt-drive system since each component was perfectly positioned in relation to the block. Saturday 3/4/2023, Pistons, Flat Top, Competition Series, Forged Aluminum, 4.070 in.
Icon Chevy 350 Vortec Forged Pistons, .163 Dome, 6.0 Rod made by Icon Pistons, for as low as $580.99.
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Up to 3,000 tons of force forges aluminum slugs into the basic piston form which creates a grain flow pattern in the structure providing excellent strength, ductility and improved heat dissipation.
King Tec Racing produces high performance forged connecting rods for GM Chevy Vortec 4200 DOHC set of 6 and forged pistons and crankshafts for high performance racing cars. Or complete it online. Both trucks were introduced for the 2004 model year and used the five-cylinder as the extra-cost engine option over the Vortec 2800 four-cylinder. Apr 3, 2023, Pro LS 2618 Forged Pistons. All three shared the same basic architecture and a wide range of parts, though it was the 4.2-liter that led the Atlas program. MAHLE pistons are OE quality and have many premium OE features. If you are an international customer and would like to change the currency that prices are displayed in, you can do so here. On this episode of HOT ROD Garage, hosts Tony Angelo and Lucky Costa are going to take on the legendary Aussie engine, the Ford Barra.
Vortec 4200 4 Never miss a sale on new parts, tools, and more!
When running, oil pressure is sent to the tensioner, which keeps the chain tight throughout its lifetime.
The factory plugs were rated to last 100,000 miles before replacement. No matter what your high-performance application calls for, there is an ICON piston for you.
Talk to the experts.
Vortec 4200: GM's Powerful DOHC Inline Six Was Almost - DrivingLine
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Its displacement increased to 2.9 liters, again thanks to very slight bore increase. Saturday 3/4/2023. The Vortec 3500 saw service in GMs compact pickups, the first-generation Chevrolet Colorado and GMC Canyon. The Platinum Series also features tool-steel wrist pins, an exact ring-groove .
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TRW NOS forged pistons question - Inliners International Bulletin Board It replaced the LK5 and produced 185hp (138kW) at 5,600 rpm and 190lbft (258Nm) of torque at 2,800 rpm. 4cyl 2.500-2.999 in. Two-stroke These pistons are mainly used in gasoline and diesel engines for passenger cars under heavy load conditions. A third-party browser plugin, such as Ghostery or NoScript, is preventing JavaScript from running. Saturday 3/4/2023, Pistons, Flat Top, Competition Series, Forged Aluminum, 4.065 in.
Bore, -2.00cc Head Volume, Chevy, LS, Set of 8, 5.0 out of 5 stars
The Vortec 2800 was the standard engine for the Colorado, Canyon, and Isuzu i-280. Wieser attributes much of the reliable power results to tuning by Mark Romans, who used his HPTuners software to dial in the spark and fuel. Estimated International Ship Date:
Icon Forged Pistons | UEM Pistons
$5 Off Your $100 Mobile App Purchase - Get the App. Diamond Pistons announces the release of its direct replacement forged piston for Chevrolet 8.1L (496ci) big-block marine engine applications. The Vortec 4200 also utilized an innovative mounting system for its accessories.
Pistons with cooled ring carriers For these pistons, ring carriers and cooling channels are combined into one system in a special production process. As mentioned before, the Vortec 4200 was the first GM truck engine to feature variable valve timing. The Forgotten Inline Engine: GMs 4.2-liter Atlas I-6, What Nobody Is Telling You About Hydrogen Combustion Engines, Five Popular Motorcycle Companies With Chinese Connections, 10 Reasons Why The BMW X6 Is The Ultimate Midsize Coupe. The Vortec 4200s second foray into racing came at Pikes Peak. Bet they are just a forged stock replacement piston. Apr 10, 2023
The Chevrolet small-block V-8, for example, began life in the 1950s and soon became the standard for high horsepower in a small package a legacy that continues into todays fifth-generation GM V-8s.
Print Share. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Vortec 4200 Dubbed the LL8 or Vortec 4200, the naturally aspirated engine displaced 4.2 liters, used a double overhead cams with four-valves per cylinder and had variable valve timing on the exhaust side. Price Range Filter Options Savings Central Selected Filters Part Type: Pistons Make: CHEVROLET Engine Size: 5.7L/350
Those trucks used GMs 4.3-liter V-6 as their base engine, which was based on the GM small-block V-8. Dynoed at the flywheel it produces 220hp (164kW) at 5,600 rpm and 225lbft (305Nm) at 2,800 rpm. Pro LS 2618 Forged Pistons. Chrysler Dodge Mopar Vortec 4200 Rods . Whats more, the individual coils could better control spark timing. Estimated International Ship Date:
It all started back in 1995 when GM began researching and planning its next mid-size SUV. GM even experimented with adding boost for a high-performance Chevy Trailblazer variant. 360 Forged Pistons; Buick. The 4200 also relies on an electronic throttle that Wieser has retained on his turbo version.
The pistons and con rods must always be assembled in the prescribed installation direction. Prior to assembly, the con rods have been checked to see that their bores are on parallel axes (to ensure that there has been no bending or twisting), and if necessary, they have been replaced.
Wieser's current engine is still plenty efficient, as he reports the current 8 psi/42 lb/hr injector package delivers 21 mpg split between highway and in-town driving. JavaScript is disabled. The design was chosen thanks to the large volume of air four valves can move, while the roller-followers provided a smoother operation with less friction than conventional lifters, adding to the engines efficiency.
Filter my search results to see Summit Racing brand parts.
Their range of applications extends from model engines to large power units. It displaces 3.7L; 222.9cuin (3,653cc), courtesy of a larger 95.5mm (3.76in) bore while keeping the 102mm (4.02in) stroke. The Vortec 4200 featured a deep-skirted block that added strength to the crank area. Each rod set for the GM Vortec 4200 inline 6 engine includes ARP2000 series fasteners which are a Molnar Technologies proprietary design, assembly lubricant and installation guidelines. G. One reason this installation looks so clean is because the majority of fabrication work is hidden underneath the engine. Saturday 3/4/2023, Pro LS 2618 Forged Pistons.
Large, 70 mm-diameter main bearings were also used to minimize crankshaft movements. Free shipping when your order includes this part. This includes the alternator, A/C compressor, and idler pulley.
Vortec 4200 Info and Mods - Engine Swap Depot The Vortec 3700 five-cylinder was passed up in favor of a trio of V-6 engines in the car-like crossovers. Because of the efficient cooling and the decreased risk of detonation, the Vortec 4200 was able to run its high compression ratio without the need for premium fuel.
We reached out to GM and found Tom Sutter, the Assistant Chief Engineer for the Atlas. The beam also helped reduce vibration and noise, while reducing the chances for an oil leak. A local guy has a SBC for sale, It has Speed Pro HYPER--- .125 dome pistons ( H618P). If you are Building ANY style of the GM Atlas Vortec 4, 5 or 6 Cylinder In-Line Aluminum Engines.You will save yourself ONE HUGE PITA by avoiding the use of Standard Spring Steel-Hex Wrench Clamped or Ratcheting Pliers Style Piston Ring Compressors and opt instead to get a Wiseco 93mm One Piece Tapered Special Tool for this Purpose. Saturday 3/4/2023, Pistons, Hypereutectic, Flat, 3.780 in. Those pistons can be paired with Crower B93913B rods. The four-inch stroke remained untouched. After completing the CAPTCHA below, you will immediately regain access to the site again.
The Trailblazer SS debuted for the 2006 model year and had 395 horsepower and 400 pound-feet of torque. Apr 25, 2023, Pro LS 2618 Forged Pistons.
For additional protection and to avoid cavity edge or crown fissures, these pistons have a special hard anodized layer (HA layer) on the crown. Wieser thinks he can squeeze 10 pounds of boost out of the turbo to make 500 hp, but he also has plans for a new, more aggressive 4200 with forged pistons, aftermarket rods, and a later '07 head that will allow him to punch the power up to perhaps 600 hp with 14 to 15 psi.
Icon Chevy 350 Vortec Forged Pistons, .163 Dome, 6.0 Rod - Speedway Motors Saturday 3/4/2023, Pro LS 2618 Forged Piston, 3.810 bore, 1.110 C.H., 12cc dish, 4.000in. Growing up, Mark always had a mind for tinkering on random items throughout his home and dads garage, including a 1953 Ford Mainline and 1971 Corvette Stingray. The intake manifold was kept short in order to accommodate easy access to the spark plugs. [1], The LK5 (also called the Vortec 2800) is a 2.8L; 169.0cuin (2,770cc) straight-4 DOHC engine produced between 2004 and 2006, with a 93mm 102mm (3.66in 4.02in) bore and stroke.
Cast solid skirt Piston top, ring belt and skirt form a robust unit.
Sutter was able to give us a deeper insight into the Atlas program, so keep reading for more. The I-6 was built at GMs Flint Engine South plant in Flint, Michigan.
For GM Vortec 4200 Engine Builders: The WISECO 93MM Bore Tapered Piston You've disabled JavaScript in your web browser. Regular grade gasoline was recommended. The Vortec 4200 actually had a short-lived racing career. The latest version is a set of 60-lb/hr injectors (at least he only needs six) that will be enough to keep the air/fuel ratio safe at 12.0:1 air/fuel with 10 psi of boost. It may not display this or other websites correctly.
This kept torque levels at near-peak levels throughout the rev range and allowed a higher maximum horsepower without killing fuel efficiency or hindering drivability at lower rpm levels. tlowe #1716 #100665 02/02/23 03:41 PM.
( 2 ), Estimated USA Ship Date:
The water pump and oil pump were integrated directly into the front of the block. Our community has been around for many years and pride ourselves on offering unbiased, critical discussion among people of all different backgrounds. Please note that Checkout Prices will be in US Dollars.
For model year 2004, the Vortec 4200 was introduced in the all-new Buick Rainier and Isuzu Ascender. ), production of the LL8 also ended. It could be had in either RWD or AWD. The LLR also corrected the head issue found in the L52.
Formerly KB Forged Pistons. With a turbocharger and some tuning, this simple GM SOHC inliner is now making 470 flywheel horsepower and 450 lb-ft of torque with a mild 8 psi of boost while limiting the factory rotating assembly to just 5,800 rpm.
As a result, they form a uniform body with extreme strength. The story of GMs high-tech straight-six and why it died. Ring carrier pistons with cooling channel These pistons are used in conditions with particularly high operating temperatures. Exclusive V-rib adds strength without adding weight but allows maximum cooling. (4.000" bore x 3.48" stroke).
There is a lot of great information if you are interested in installing or modifying a Vortec 4200 inline-six. 3.780 bore, 1.326 C.H., 7cc dish, Std.
The hue and cry continue over the preponderance of LS engines in this magazine, and it has not gone unnoticed. The 2007 model year saw significant changes to the Vortec five-cylinder. Apr 3, 2023
As a result of a special casting technology these pistons offer low weight and high structural rigidity. It is filtered by a combination of Fram HP8A full-flow and Amsoil bypass filters that clean the oil every 45 minutes of engine run time. Naturally, the demands on pistons have also risen progressively: they must be lighter, must have lower oil consumption and must be absolutely safe and reliable. In the case of pistons that have a graphitized skirt, another 0.015-0.020 mm should be deducted from the measured piston diameter to allow for the thickness of the layer; this gives the nominal diameter for the piston which is stamped on it. Incorrect email address or password.
Apr 24, 2023
C. The base engine is an '05 Vortec 4200, but Wieser says '06 to '07 engines offer a better-flowing cylinder head with more cam timing. Summit Racing will BEAT any competitor's advertised price!
3.780 bore, 1.326 C.H., 7cc dish, Std. In 2003, the Vortec 4200 was fitted with polymer-coated pistons that reduce engine noise and enhance durability. Surface: Shot-peened surfaces to relieve stress. Pistons. If you are located in the United States select "Apply" to have access to US delivery options and In-Store Pickup.
. We decided to take a closer look at the Vortec 4200 and its forward-thinking design. Inliner Member 1716 65 Chevelle Wagon and 41 Hudson Pickup Information and parts www.12bolt.com. There are similar restrictions and penalties under federal law and the laws of all other states with penalties under federal law of up to approximately $45,268 per tampered vehicle and/or engine.
High-Performance Forged Pistons | Hemmings This would mean the entire front clip would need to be redesigned. Our Pursuit: Better Price, Better Quality, Better Service. novadude said: In my case, 4.030 bore, 0.017" piston-to-deck, 0.028" GM composition gasket, measured 63cc Vortec heads, 12 cc piston dish (checked with plate and syringe) = 9.6:1. Some shows do that, continuing off-air. The long crankshaft presented its own set of inherent challenges. Both the Equinox and Traverse utilized transversely mounted engines, and as Sutter mentioned, the straight-six was simply too long for mounting sideways. Stroke, .945 pin Press or Float, NA/Boost/Nitrous, Coated, 4.8L 5.3L Vortec Truck, Estimated USA Ship Date:
In many instances, MAHLE is asked to supply the pistons for an OE manufacturer's high output, premium engines.
A high-flow oil pump, fuel injectors, and exhaust system rounded out the updates. The LL8 (or Vortec 4200), is a straight-6 gasoline engine produced from 2002 to 2009. Estimated International Ship Date:
Stroke, .Gen.4 Rod, NA/Boost/Nitrous, Coated, 4.8L 5.3L LS Vortec Truck, Set of 8, Pistons, Hypereutectic, Flat, 3.780 in. Controlling the power was GMs Hydra-Matic 4L60-E four-speed automatic transmission with slight modifications to handle the extra power.
An air-to-water intercooler kept temperatures down, and a slew of new internal parts kept the Vortec 4200 humming along.
The pistons have cast-in steel strips and are slotted at the transition from ring belt to skirt section. Off the shelf aftermarket domed pistons for the 1996-2002 5.7L V8 "Ramjet 350" L31 engine may be available and they may fit the 4.3L V6 engine with 1996 and later Vortec heads but I have never noticed . Piston diameter, installation clearance, and if applicable direction of installation are marked on the piston crown. The piston pins are selected for the appropriate fit and they can be exchanged within the same piston type. Chrysler Dodge Mopar Vortec 4200 Rods . We are working every day to make sure our community is one of the best. The engine was also used in the Buick Rainier, Saab 9-7X, and Isuzu Ascender. Because of its length, torsional vibration from end to end had to be mitigated, otherwise, the crankshaft would be susceptible to twisting. The Atlas program got its start around the same time, with GM sold on the benefits of an inline engine. Please try again.
This included the larger displacement version of the four- and five-cylinder engines. (43), In Stock, Including at a Supplier.
It produces 242hp (180kW) at 5,600 rpm and 242lbft (328Nm) at 4,600 rpm. (79), Summit Racing Pro LS Forged Pistons SUM-326943780-2F, Summit Racing Pro LS Forged Pistons SUM-326943780-7F, Summit Racing Pro LS Forged Pistons SUM-326945780-2P, Summit Racing Pro LS Forged Pistons SUM-326945780-7P, Diamond Pistons Competition Series Pistons 11545-R1-8, Diamond Pistons Competition Series Pistons 11543-R1-8, Diamond Pistons Competition Series Pistons 11519-R1-8, Diamond Pistons Competition Series Pistons 11546-R1-8, Speed-Pro Hypereutectic Pistons H1132CPA .50MM, Diamond Pistons Race Series Pistons 21557-RS-8, Summit Racing Pro LS Forged Pistons SUM-1109273810-5, Summit Racing Pro LS Forged Pistons SUM-326943810-2F, Diamond Pistons Competition Series Pistons 11512-R1-8, Summit Racing Pro LS Forged Pistons SUM-110927381012, Summit Racing Pro LS Forged Pistons SUM-1109273820-5, Diamond Pistons Competition Series Pistons 11589-R1-8, Summit Racing Pro LS Forged Pistons SUM-326945810-7P, Summit Racing Pro LS Forged Pistons SUM-326943785-2F, Summit Racing Pro LS Forged Pistons SUM-326945810-2P, Diamond Pistons Competition Series Pistons 11521-R1-8, Speed-Pro Hypereutectic Pistons H1132CPA .75MM, Summit Racing Pro LS Forged Pistons SUM-326943810-7F, Diamond Pistons Competition Series Pistons 11517-R1-8.
Icon IC732.030 Fits Chevy 350 Vortec Forged Pistons.163 Dome, 6.0 Rod vortec 4200 forged pistons. Be sure to ask for 7/16 rod bolts as the part number. Racetec piston #1003628 is setup for stock bore with a 6 inch rod and a 0.927" pin. Forged solid skirt This type of piston can mainly be found in high performance series production and racing engines.
The 4.2-liter called the GMT360 platform home. King Tec Racing produces high performance forged connecting rods for GM Chevy Vortec 4200 DOHC set of 6 and forged pistons and crankshafts for high performance racing cars. These vehicles were designed around the I6 engine. It displaces 4.2L; 253.9cuin (4,160cc), with a 93mm 102mm (3.66in 4.02in) bore and stroke. Find CHEVROLET 7.4L/454 Chevy big block Gen VI Pistons Forged aluminum Piston Material and get Free Shipping on Orders Over $99 at Summit Racing! KingTec Racing (Wuxi) Co., Ltd. is focus on R&D high performance racing cars spare parts for more than 17 years.
This alleviated the need for a separate Exhaust Gas Recirculation system, or EGR. I don't have access to check but will L31 Vortecs heads have a clearance problem with these pistons.
Saturday 3/4/2023, Pistons, Flat Top, Competition Series, Forged Aluminum, 4.030 in. It was the first Atlas engine, and was introduced in 2002 for the Chevrolet TrailBlazer, GMC Envoy, and Oldsmobile Bravada.The engine was also used in the Buick Rainier, Saab 9-7X, and Isuzu Ascender.. CHEVROLET 5.7L/350 Chevy small block Gen I Pistons - Free Shipping on Orders Over $99 at Summit Racing Bore (in.) These stats far exceeded every comparable V-6 on the market at the time, including GMs own 4.3-liter Vortec V-6. Thread starter Drec; Start date May 2, 2020; Drec.
CHEVROLET 4.2L/256 Pistons - L6 Engine Type - Free Shipping on Orders Over $99 at Summit Racing Earn Summit Bucks on Select Safety Products!
Constructed from a plastic-like composite material, the valve cover was held in place with 21 grommets and fasteners that work with the main silicone seal to keep the cover floating atop the head. Apr 10, 2023, Pro LS 2618 Forged Pistons. Results 1 - 25
3.810 bore, 1.326 C.H., 2cc dome, Std. Along with being naturally balanced, an inline engine only has one cylinder head, which lowers cost, and its design could be altered to include four- and five-cylinder variants. He eventually figured it out. 2003 saw a slight bump in power to 275hp (205kW), while torque was unchanged. AUTOTHERMIK- / HYDROTHERMIK These very quiet running pistons are used primarily in passenger cars. Vehicle/Engine Search Vehicle/Engine Search Make/Model Search Make/Engine Search Departments; Brands; Savings Central .
Part of GMs sizable investment into the Atlas project afforded room for future advancements. Saturday 3/4/2023, Pistons, Dish, 12 Degree LS2K Series, Forged Aluminum, 4.125 in. Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.CarlSagan.