The Civil War took place because the rising was successful only in Old Castile, in Navarra, where Carlist support was decisive, and, of the larger towns, in Zaragoza, Sevilla, Crdoba, Valladolid, and Cdiz. overthrow the government. The origins of the conflict and goals of the participants were complex, and no single cause can accurately be described as . The uprising consisted of military action between the existing republican government and a nationalist faction led by a military General called Francisco Franco. . The US exerted strong influences in western Europe leading to the creation of global economic and political systems (NATO, IMF, World Bank, WTO, GATT). the name used in the first half of the 20th century for the regions inhabited mostly by Germans in the border areas of Bohemia, Moravia, and those parts of Silesia associated with Bohemia. Such was the case in 20th-century Spain, where several years of attempted republican rule erupted into civil war, eventually giving way to a fascist dictatorship that lasted well into the 1970s . Falange in the Pre-Civil-War Years, 1933-1936 Early Fascist Movements by the end of March. In 1933, new elections produced a rightist government which promptly undid earlier reforms. Loyalist volunteers arrived in Spain as wellthe International Brigades, about 40,000 volunteers from Europe and the United States, democrats, socialists, communists, and workers eager to fight for a new order. Both the Nationalist and Republican sides, seeing themselves as too weak to win a quick victory, turned abroad for help. Spanish Civil War This war broke out in 1936, and made the new European alignment that found the Western democracies on one side and the fascist states on the other clearer. More recent estimates have been closer to 500,000 or less. After the war, he was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery. the signature work of Adolf Hitler, combining elements of autobiography with an exposition of Hitler's political ideology of Nazism. a German SS officer and a physician in the Nazi concentration camp Auschwitz-Birkenau. During the first weeks of the war, the Popular Front government of France also supported the Republicans, but internal opposition forced a change of policy. brutal massacre 1500 died and 800 were wounded, but the military targets in the In 1937, Hemingway traveled to Spain in order to report on the Spanish Civil War for the North American Newspaper Alliance. Fascism was on the march. Catalonia fell during February, and Valencia and Madrid collapsed Italian system of the 1930's that broke economic life into 22 areas. A dreadnought is a battleship designed but the British at first to maintain their powerful navy over the rest of Europe. leadership. Its cruelty is conveyed in the coldly eloquent monochrome of Picassos painting. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. organization founded after World War II to promote international peace and cooperation. (Crimea Conference or codenamed the Argonaut Conference) the wartime meeting from February 4 to February 11, 1945 between the heads of the U.S., the U.K., and the Soviet Union Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin. Government forces put down the uprising in most regions except parts of northwestern and southwestern Spain, where the Nationalists held control and named Francisco Franco head of state. a political slogan used by Irish nationalists in the latter nineteenth and early twentieth century. Tsar of Russia from 1894-1917, who is largely described as being in the wrong position at the wrong time. This treaty averted war for the time being but left both the Russians and Turks dissatisfied and later was one of the causes for the First World War. More than eleven feet high and more than twenty-five feet long, it is enormous and its vast scale meant that Picasso had to use a ladder in order to paint the upper sections. It was the first disarmament conference in history, and is studied by political scientists as a model for a successful disarmament movement. The coup evolved into the Spanish Civil War during which he led the right-wing Nationalists against the Republicans. He systematically killed the Jewish population of conquered nations, as well. Terms in this set (376) . Mussolini and Adolf Hitler. What began as a failed coup spiraled into a proxy war between Europes fascist and communist countries, with the future Allies backing the Republicans and the Axis powers supporting Francos Nationalists. Her most famous works are documentary propaganda films for the German Nazi Party. In 1939, the Fascist forces won (with help from Italy and Germany). Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States. General map of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). They would wait for 36 years, for Franco remained in power a Swiss psychiatrist and founder of analytical psychology. a failed coup d'tat that occurred between the evening of Thursday, November 8 and the early afternoon of Friday, November 9, 1923, when the Nazi party's Fhrer Adolf Hitler, the popular World War I General Erich Ludendorff, and other leaders of the Kampfbund, unsuccessfully tried to gain power in Munich, Bavaria, and Germany. German Chancellor and Fuhrer during World War II, his aggressive tactics were a major factor in the initiation of the second World War. The Spanish civil war is one of the most famous coups in the world and took place between July of 1936 and April of 1939. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. It was attended by nine nations having interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia. Europe was divided by the "iron curtain'. They decided to Spanish Civil War (July 17, 1936 - Apr 1, 1939) - Summary & Facts While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. SparkNotes PLUS Moltke was the commanding officer in charge of the Shlieffen Plan in World War 1. It won the May 1936 legislative elections, leading to the formation of a government first headed by SFIO leader Lon Blum and exclusively composed of Radical-Socialist and SFIO ministers. In 1936, the pendulum swung again; new elections yielded a left-center majority and a Popular Front government, alarming the wealthy, the clergy, and the military. While there, Hemingway broke his friendship with John Dos Passos because, despite warnings, Dos Passos continued to report on the atrocities of not only the fascist Nationalists whom Hemingway disliked, but also of the elected, left-leaning Republicans whom he favored. extent as the Republicans. confused about its identity and ideology. Spanish Civil War - AP European History one of the most distinguished German field marshals of World War II. an alliance of left-wing movements, including the French Communist Party (PCF), the Socialist SFIO and the Radical and Socialist Party, during the interwar period. Successfully staved off an invasion by the German Luftwaffe. painting by Pablo Picasso, which he was already working on at the time of the Nazi German bombing of Gernika, Spain, by twenty-four bombers, on April 26, 1937 during the Spanish Civil War, and which he decided to name after it. Spain: 1936 to the Present - EuroDocs - Brigham Young University This body drafted a liberal constitution granting universal suffrage, basic freedoms, separation of Church and state, secular control of mass education, and the nationalization of church property. In any event, the proliferation of executions, murders, and assassinations on both sides reflects the great passions that the Civil War unleashed. They granted the right to vote to women. AP European History Terms: World War II: Ms., Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Milady - Chapter 11 - Disorders and Diseases, USCG Rules Lights & Shapes (Rules 23 & 24), Letter to the author/ editor - useful phrases. AP European History Past Exam Questions - College Board An elected center-left government faced a military revolt that eventually resulted in the creation of an authoritarian regime. Discount, Discount Code They laid siege to it but were unable to get beyond the University City area. Still the democracies did not act, and would not do so until they were forced to go to war once again, war total and world-wide. a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany. During the interwar period, Woolf was a significant figure in London literary society and a member of the Bloomsbury Group. adjective. On April 1, 1945, they invaded Okinawa, only 300 miles south of the Japanese home islands. The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held at Potsdamn, outside Berlin, in July, 1945. This was the government in France established after World War Two; they refused to have a strong presidency. Save over 50% with a SparkNotes PLUS Annual Plan! On one side, the Nationalist, were most Roman Catholics, important elements of the military, most landowners, and many businessmen. The president of the Spanish Republic until nearly the end of the war was Manuel Azaa, an anticlerical liberal. He was executed with his family shortly thereafter in 1918. If a sentence contains an incorrect comma, draw a caret (^) over the comma, and write the correct punctuation above the caret. Economists consider him one of the main founders of modern theoretical macroeconomics. One major difference setting the Nationalists apart from the Republicans was .And Generalismo Franco Franco is still dead. Moltke divided the forces on the western to counter the Russian army, greatly weakening his army and forcing them to retreat. The Germans essentially told the Austrians to stand firm, so which resulted in the Austrians sending Serbia a harsh ultimatum (this demanded things such as allowing Austrian officials to investigate and punish the assassinator). AP European History: Post-War Europe {{cp.topicAssetIdToProgress[11397].percentComplete}}% complete First amphibious invasion ever. While advocating Irish national self-reliance, its precise political meaning was undefined whether it meant republicanism or Arthur Griffith-style dual monarchism. Continue to start your free trial. Conditions were inhuman, and prisoners, mostly Jewish people, were generally starved or worked to death, or killed immediately. The painting makes a big impact, both emotionally and physically. Government of the unoccupied part of France after the countries defeat by Germany, French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970). The revolt quickly became a civil war. Present were Franklin D. Roosevelt, Winston Churchill and Charles de Gaulle. Truman, Churchill, and Stalin discussed the future of Europe but their failure to reach meaningful agreements soon led to the onset of the Cold War. In the 1890s it was used by the Gaelic League, which advocates the revival of the Irish language. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. largest of the Nazi German concentration camps. bombing. City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. for a group? The command structure of a cultural movement that began in the mid-1920s, and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members. About 40,000 foreigners fought on the Republican side in the International Brigades largely under the command of the Comintern, and 20,000 others served in medical or auxiliary units. The Nationalists drove a salient eastward through Teruel, reaching the Mediterranean and splitting the republic in two in April 1938. His term of endearment for JEws. Cause of the Spanish Civil War and its consequences Seeking aid from abroad, the Nationalists received troops, tanks, and planes from Nazi Germany and Italy, which used Spain as a testing ground for new methods of tank and air warfare. When the USS Maine sank, the United States believed the tragedy was the result of Spanish sabotage and declared war on Spain. disagreed with the leftist efforts at army reform, and viewed with distaste the While the European democracies stayed aloof, totalitarian powers both communist and fascist sent soldiers and supplies. He ruled a military dictatorship until his death in 1975. in Spain's Second Republic was an electoral coalition and pact signed in January 1936 by various left-wing political organizations, instigated by Manuel Azaa for the purpose of contesting that year's election. Bulgaria, Serbia, and Greece decided to join in against the already weak Turkey, hoping to annex some Balkan territory. Spanish Civil War Flashcards | Quizlet TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War. French politician, was the Prime Minister of France three times: from 1936 to 1937, for one month in 1938, and from December 1946 to January 1947. The Cold War between the democratic West and communist East lasted from 1945-1991. an English novelist and essay writer who is regarded as one of the foremost modernist literary figures of the twentieth century. Printer Friendly. Many fled Spain, becoming refugees and awaiting the toppling of the Bismarck signed the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia in 1887 to ensure Germany's safety. Introduction - The Political Setting of Spain (1931-1936) . In the ensuing years, the government became increasingly seven agreements negotiated at Locarno, Switzerland on 5 October - 16 October 1925 and formally signed in London on December 1, in which the World War I Western European Allied powers and the new states of central and Eastern Europe sought to secure the post-war territorial settlement, in return normalizing relations with defeated Germany (which was, by this time, the Weimar Republic). Franco's wing He is best known for his landmark novel Ulysses. a British economist whose ideas, called Keynesian economics, had a major impact on modern economic and political theory as well as on many governments' fiscal policies. The league was shaken twiceonce by the Congress of Berlin and again when the Balkans became disputed againbut remained until the forming of the Triple Alliance. Spain spent much of the 1920s under the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera, and the economic hardships caused by the Great Depression intensified polarization within the Spanish public. fast, maneuverable British fighter plane that helped England win the Battle of Britain. BY SPRING 1936 THE PLOT TO OVERTHROW THE OUTBREAK OF THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR COUP D'?TAT Generals Mola, Goded, Fanjul and Franco (later) Sanjurjo was nominal leader but he was in exile in Portugal Mola became the main organiser Included lots of younger, more junior officers Met 8 March 1936 Agreed that if Caballero took . Tolls is such an international brigadier. Although the U.S. government stayed neutral in the Spanish Civil War, about 2,800 Americansmany of whom had never before fired a gunvolunteered for the Republican cause. This war was begun when Italy declared war on Turkey and conquered Tripoli and the Dodecanese Islands. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The Nationalist side gradually gained territory and by April 1938 succeeded in splitting Spain from east to west, causing 250,000 Republican forces to flee into France. lasted nine days, from 3 May 1926 to 12 May 1926. A war of attrition began. More AP Euro Chapter Outlines. Quiz & Worksheet - The Spanish Civil War | Study.com It was carried out specifically by removing those involved from positions of influence and by disbanding or rendering impotent the organizations associated with it. They captured the Basque northern provinces in the summer of 1937 and then Asturias, so that by October they held the whole northern coast. In the elections of February 1936 the left won a clear majority. One source of support for the The matter of how many were killed remains highly contentious; however, it is generally believed that the toll of Nationalist violence was higher. The goal of these operations as planned by the Germans was to split the British and American Allied line in half, capturing Antwerp and then proceeding to encircle and destroy four Allied armies, forcing the Western Allies to negotiate a peace treaty in the Axis's favor. However, in cities unprotected by the Civil Guard, the Under the barrage of nationalist attack Barcelona fell, during The Republicans received aid from the Soviet Union as well as from the International Brigades, composed of volunteers from Europe and the United States. The dictatorships, however, intervened vigorously. Get Annual Plans at a discount when you buy 2 or more! "subhuman creatures," those Hitler did not believe he needed to treat humanely. within the ranks. The actual Manhattan Project did not take place in NY. The ruling Republican government, led by the socialist premiers Francisco Largo Caballero and Juan Negrn (18941956) and the liberal president Manuel Azaa y Daz, was supported by workers and many in the educated middle class as well as militant anarchists and communists. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. Franco became dictator of Spain until he died in 1975. It developed as a short but highly significant artistic movement between about 1907 and 1914 in France. In August 1936, more than two dozen nations, including France . the German air force before and during World War II. II. There were Four Irish Home Rule Bills passed by Great Britain, and they allowed for a greater amount of Irish control over Ireland. He imprisoned and many upon coming to power--up to a million according to some an aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance. Political group active in aiding the leftist forces in the Spanish Civil War. They wanted the sultan to restore a liberal parliamentary constitution in the Ottoman Empire and threatened that the empire would fall if the constitution was not brought back. The Triple Entente refers to the unofficial alliance between England, France, and Russia, created to counter the alliance Triple Alliance. political idealism. Despite the absence of a real legal basis, the ICRC managed to negotiate access to prisoners and organized help for civilians. difficulties. March 3, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 Teaching the ALBA curriculum: The Spanish Civil War in AP European First published in 1929, it was based on a series of lectures she delivered at Newnham College and Girton College, two women's colleges at Cambridge University in 1928. a German novelist, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and 1929 Nobel Prize laureate, known for his series of highly symbolic and often ironic epic novels and mid-length stories, noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and intellectual. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. extreme right. Then, use the word and definition to create a matching quiz. Legion of about 100 planes, which was largely responsible for the Guernica Nationally, representatives supposedly devised the country's plans for Italy's economic self-sufficiency. A. Thomas is a very unusual author,;\overset{\textit{\color{#c34632}{;}}}{{,\\\color{#c34632}{_\wedge}}},; she wrote her first book at the age of thirteen. September 29, 1936, there was no one to challenge his authority. About 500,000 people died in the war, and all Spaniards were deeply scarred by the trauma. On April 14, 1931 the Spanish monarchy was declared overthrown and a provisional Blum passed legislation extending the rights of the Arab population of Algeria. Among the most notable artistic responses to the war were the novels Mans Hope (1938) by Andr Malraux, Adventures of a Young Man (1939) by John Dos Passos, and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) by Ernest Hemingway; George Orwells memoir Homage to Catalonia (1938); Pablo Picassos painting Guernica (1937); and Robert Capas photograph Death of a Loyalist Soldier, Spain (1936). By signing up you agree to our terms and privacy policy. In Egypt, Allied (primarily Commonwealth) forces under a British Field Marshal Montgomery finally stopped the Germans under the command of Field Marshal Rommel. The point of the alliance was an assurance that if one nation went to war with 2 or more powers, then the others would join the war alongside the nation. One of the most striking images of 20th-century art, Guernica is a nightmare vision of violence, pain, and chaos. January 1939. By November 1936 the Nationalists had advanced to the outskirts of Madrid. EXAMPLE:The girl with the brown hair is a new student. Because the Russians held the line, the Germans were pushed back, and never recovered. Its earliest use was to describe individual political radicals unconnected with any party. town remained intact. It was called by the General Council of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) in an unsuccessful attempt to force the government to act to prevent wage reduction and worsening conditions for coal miners. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. The Paris Fair would give him an opportunity to bring the atrocities visited on the defenseless people of Guernica to the attention of the world, and so he set to work. It failed in its purpose but was significant for later developments in international law. He was the commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps and also became known by the nickname "The Desert Fox" for the skillful military campaigns he waged on behalf of the German Army in North Africa. The Germans were far less generous, but sent the famous Condor A well-planned military uprising began on July 17, 1936, in garrison towns throughout Spain. There were two battles of El Alamein, both during 1942. He is particularly remembered for advocating interventionist government policy, by which the government would use fiscal and monetary measures to mitigate the adverse effects of economic recessions, depressions and booms. His and his wife. The war was an outcome of a polarization of Spanish life and politics that had developed over previous decades. Project for AP Euro about the Spanish Civil War. Members will be prompted to log in or create an account to redeem their group membership. The city had endured a siege of nearly two-and-a-half years, and its residents were in no condition to resist. The war ended on 1 April 1939, when the last Republican troops surrendered. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% Moltke, however, gave too-vague orders to the troops on the French front, resulting in a retreat. one of the major German-language fiction writers of the 20th century. For the full article, see. a German film director, dancer and actress, and widely noted for her aesthetics and advances in film technique. Also known as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, it was a non-aggression treaty between the German Third Reich and the Soviet Union. On April 14, 1931 the Spanish monarchy was declared overthrown and a provisional government took power. Spanish civil war In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. (p. 793), Crucial naval battle which stopped the Japanese march across the Pacific, first time all fighting was done by carrier based aircraft. How was the Spanish Civil War a preview for World War II? These groups of Ch. He rose from humble origins to become the first Labour Prime Minister in 1924. The Germans handed the Austrians a "blank check" in how to deal with Serbia after Franz Ferdinand's assassination. WHKMLA : History of the Spanish Phalange military problems similar to those of the Republicans. Wed love to have you back! They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Codename for Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II -- led to USSR joining the Allies. Far from being just an internal event, the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939 also had a great deal of global influence, attracting left-wing volunteers from all over the world to help . Cornell Notes Topic / Objective: Name: Jack Andrew Joa The Spanish Civil War Class: Chapter 23.4 Notes Period: Date: Essential Question: The Spanish Civil War Chapter 23.4 Notes Questions: Notes: Spain: World War I: Neutral. His painterly skills are often attributed to the influence of Renaissance masters, French intellectual, novelist, essayist and critic, best known as the author of In Search of Lost Time (in French la recherche du temps perdu, also translated as Remembrance of Things Past), a monumental work of twentieth-century fiction consisting of seven volumes published from 1913 to 1927, a semi-autobiographical novel in seven volumes by Marcel Proust. The ever-cautious democracies, fearful of war, would not intervene, even to provide the Spanish government with weapons and supplies. The Loyalists and their international volunteers fled, or were captured, tortured and murdered. In response, France, under Poincar, occupied the Ruhr Area. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! Allied forces under Dwight D. Eisenhower landed on the beaches of France in history's greatest naval invasion. Chamberlain flew to Munich to attend summit w/France, Italy & Germany; discussed future of Czechoslovakia; led to transfer of all Sudenten territories to Germany in return of Hitler promising respect sovereignty of remainder of Czechoslovakia, Nonaggression treaty between Russia and Germany allowing Germany to fight a one front war until Germany violated treaty by invading Russia, "Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland n 1939, "Phony War" with Hitler in 1939-1940 where Hitler prepared for his attack. In December 1938 they moved upon Catalonia in the northeast, forcing the Republican armies there northward toward France. was the effective ruler and later formal head of state of first parts of Spain from October 1936 and then all of Spain from 1939 until his death in 1975. Updates? Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The Nationalists were supported by Mussolinis Italy and Nazi Germany. In the ensuing years, the government became increasingly divided between the socialists of the extreme left and the monarchists of the extreme right. One cause was that Spain wanted Independence In 1936 the Spanish Civil War began. Mussolini's Italy sent guns, tanks, Planes, and men. He, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. It is considered an important work of Modernist literature.