[13], Shah Mir arrived in Kashmir in 1313 along with his family, during the reign of Suhadeva (13011320), whose service he entered. issues of East, South, and Southeast Asia, as well as a large book review The young Chippatajayapida was advised by his maternal uncle Utpalaka or Utpala (IV.679). Kalhaa's account also states that the city of Srinagar was founded by the Mauryan emperor, Ashoka, and that Buddhism reached the Kashmir valley during this period. Postmodernism refers to mid to late 20th century. In the Indian history, Madurai was the capita of Pandyas. Verse 14. What internet mobs don't understand about Urdu - The Indian Express The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a historical text on this region. Son of Ajitapida. [19][21] Scholars caution against accepting the allegations at face value and attributing them solely to religious bigotry. The list of kings goes back to the 19th century BCE. The polar ends of the subcontinent that these two regions represent have been lyrically evoked in the familiar poetic description of himavatsethuparyanthaam. Traces of genuine history are also found, however, in references to the Mauryan emperors Ashoka and Jalauka; the Buddhist Kushan kings Hushka (Huviska), Jushka (Vajheska), and Kanishka (Kaniska); and Mihirakula, a Huna king. Rajatarangini, Telugu translation by Renduchintala Lakshmi Narasimha Sastry, This page was last edited on 14 November 2022, at 18:27. It covers the whole range of history in Kashmir from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". [32] He died in 1550 after being killed in battle with the Kashmiris. If you are already a registered user of The Hindu and logged in, you may continue to engage with our articles. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. You can try more lenient search to get some results. He called back the Hindus who left Kashmir during his father's reign. 10-year-old child of Nirjitavarman; placed on throne by the Tantrins. that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonarajas [22] His policies, like with the previous Hindu rulers, were likely meant to gain access to the immense wealth controlled by Brahminical institutions;[23][22][24] further, Jonaraja's polemics stemmed, atleast in part, from his aversion to the slow disintegration of caste society under Islamic influence. The result is an exposure to the ineffable delights of Sanskritised Malayalam, an edifying experience in itself. Answer. Zianu-l Abidin of Kashmir deputed the famous Sanskrit scholar Jonaraja and Srivara for the completion of Rajatarangini to bring the history of Kashmir up-to-date. Please abide by our community guidelines for posting your comments. ), Translations of Sanskrit Works at Akbar's Court, Politics of Time: Primitives and History-Writing in a Colonial Society, Buddhist History in the Vernacular: The Power of the Past in Late Medieval Sri Lanka, Travels in the Mogul Empire, A.D. 16561668, Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit Language, Detailed Report of a Tour in Search of Sanskrit MSS. Mahabharata, Ramayana, Atharva Veda, Lilawati, Rajatarangini translated into Persian. Son of Vajraditya II and Mangjarika. Among other things that fall within its wide sweep, the work contains references not only to such things as the countrys episodic encounters with China across the border, but also to the depredations of Mahmud Ghazni in Kashmirs neighbourhood around 1013 that portended the eventual Islamic conquest of Kashmir, the land variously heirs to the spiritual heritage of Hindu, Buddhist and Jain faiths. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajatarangini. His son Jayendra was followed by Samdhimati-Aryaraja (34 BCE-17 CE) who had the soul of Jayendra's minister Sandhimati. [6], Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. Kalhana appears to made little attempt to determine the actual sequence of rule of the kings and dynasties he recorded). Kalhana lived in a time of political turmoil in Kashmir, at that time a brilliant center of civilization in a sea of barbarism. Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? How much stuff can you bring on deployment? It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Hiranya died childless. Gave lands to Brahmins. [4] It has also been suggested that he belonged to a family which accompanied the sage Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, and who were associated to either the Kubrawiya Sufi groups in Kashmir. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. A Persian translation of Rajatarangini was commissioned by Zain-ul-Abidin, who ruled Kashmir in the 15th century CE. [15], Sultan Shamsu'd-Din Shah was succeeded by his elder son Sultan Jamshid who ruled for a year and two months. Hence the correct answer is Option B. Deposed by Tantrin soldiers, who had earlier served as the royal bodyguards. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Early Medieval Kashmir Coinage A New Hoard and An Anomaly", Rajatarangini: The Saga of The Kings of Kasmir, Rajatarangini and the Making of India's Past, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=1121892347, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Killed in a battle with by Krishna's friends. During the reign of Zain-ul-Abideen, the eighth Sultan of Kashmir, Mulla Ahmad translated Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. Dethroned by Utpalaka's rival Mamma and the latter's son Yashovarman. [31] Arriving in Kashmir, Haidar installed as sultan the head of the Sayyid faction, Nazuk. It does not store any personal data. Jonaraja It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Request Permissions. It joins a long catalogue of such translations from Sanskrit beginning with that of Kautilyas 'Rajatharangini' review: A Sanskrit classic from Kashmir revisited in He was known for his religious tolerance. Made his brother Sussala the ruler of Lohara. Kashmira Kerala paryanthaamganatantrenashasssitam, Rakshayantujanaasarve, ekachhatramimaammaheem (From Kashmir to Kerala extending and governed by democracy, may all the people protect this lands sovereign unity). and interdisciplinary publications, both books and journals. The real power lay in the hands of a noble named Gargachandra. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. He delved deep into such model works as the Harsacarita and the Brihat-samhita epics and used with commendable familiarity the local rajakathas (royal chronicles) and such previous works on Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthivavali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. Sandhimati was selected by the citizens as the new ruler. The book closes with the establishment of the Karkota Naga dynasty by Durlabhaka Pratapaditya II, and it is from Book IV on that Rajatarangini takes on the character of a dependable historical narrative. Rajatharangini ; Vidwan T.K. [14], Shah Mir worked to establish Islam in Kashmir and was aided by his descendant rulers, specially Sikandar Butshikan. Fairness: That noble-minded author is alone worthy of praise whose word, like that of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in relating the facts of the past. Rajatarangini (The River of Kings) is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. He was the ruler of Kashmir and the founder of the Shah Mir dynasty. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. What was the content of the text the Rajatarangini? Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). thirty journals, primarily in the humanities and social sciences, though it Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. Smaller Kingdoms during Sultanate Era - Jagranjosh.com epic poem And with that touchstone, Kalhanas work can truly lay claim to an important place in world literature itself. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. His customary applied system, involving careless presumptions and faith in the artists job as a type of moral sayings, makes the glorifying content in his story, especially for the early period, rather predominant. The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. Another television serial based on this work has been completed by National Award winning director, Jyoti Sarup. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. Neither in style nor in authenticity do these works approximate the quality of Kalhanas Rajatarangini. During his reign, the Mlechchhas (possibly, According to historical evidence, Mihirakula's predecessor was. Uninvolved personally in the maelstrom of contemporary politics, he nevertheless was profoundly affected by it and stated the following to be his ideal: That noble-minded poet alone merits praise whose word, like the sentence of a judge, keeps free from love or hatred in recording the past. Taking action accordingly, regardless of initiating Kalhana an extraordinary student of history, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar2 discussed his exceptionally faulty strategy comprising in consideration of legendary or amazing lords, an ignorant religiosity in the Epics and Puranas (antiquated Indian kinds portraying the previous), confidence in black magic and sorcery, clarification of occasions as because of the impact of destiny instead of to any normal reason, an overall instructional propensity roused by Hindu perspectives on karma, and simple showcase of poetical and logical expertise. Romila Thapar additionally excused Kalhanas moralism and teaching. Subsequent English translations of Kalhana's Rajatarangini include: Several books containing legendary stories from Rajatarangini have been compiled by various authors. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. The Rajatarangini was written in Sanskrit by Kalhana, who was a Kashmiri Brahmin. Made in Kasmir, Rajputana, and Central India, Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Invoking the Past: The Uses of History in South Asia, The King of Controversy: History and Nation-Making in Late Colonial India, The Frail Hero and Virile History: Gender and the Politics of Culture in Colonial Bengal, Vernacular Histories in Late Nineteenth-Century Banaras: Folklore, Puranas and the New Antiquarianism, Indian Economic and Social History Review, Creative Pasts: Historical Memory and Identity in Western India, 17001960, The Making of an Indian Nationalist Archive: Lakshmibai, Jhansi, and 1857, Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament: Perspectives on South Asia, Kings of Kashmira: Being a Translation of the Sanskrita Work Rajatarangini of Kahlana Pandita, Kings of Kashmira: A Translation of the Sanskrita Work of Jonaraja, Shrivara and of Prajyabhatta and Shuka, History of KashmiraA Contribution Towards Ancient Indian History, Politics and Society during the Early Medieval Period: Collected Works of Professor Mohammad Habib, Translation and the Colonial Imaginary: Ibn Khaldun Orientalist, The BJP's Intellectual Agenda: Textbooks and Imagined History, A Critical Study of Indo-Persian Literature: During Sayyid and Lodi Period, 14141526, Hindu Polity: A Constitutional History of India in Hindu Times, Bangalore Printing and Publishing Company, The Unhappy Consciousness: Bankimchandra Chattopadhyay and the Formation of Nationalist Discourse in India, Pretexts and Paratexts: The Art of the Peripheral, The Question of History in Precolonial India, Siting Translation: History, Post-Structuralism, and the Colonial Context, The Hindi Public Sphere, 19201940: Language and Literature in the Age of Nationalism, Rajatarangini: The Saga of the Kings of Kasmir, The Scope of Happiness: A Personal Memoir, Aurel Stein in Kashmir: The Sanskritist of Mohand Marg, Invisible Women, Visible Histories: Gender, Society, and Polity in North India, Seventh to Twelfth Century AD, Textures of Time: Writing History in South India, 16001800, Defining the Household: Some Aspects of Prescription and Practice in Early India, Turbulent Waves: Construction of Gender Relations in the, Negotiating India's Past: Essays in Memory of Partha Sarathi Gupta, History as Conceived by the Ancient Hindu and Other Nations, Ancient Indian Historiography: Sources and Interpretations, Medieval Kashmir and the Science of History, South Asia Institute, University of Texas, Kalhana's Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kasmir, Imperial Encounters: Religion and Modernity in India and Britain, Studies of the Kashmir Council of Research. In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Kalhana's work uses Kali and Laukika (or Saptarishi) calendar eras: the ascension year in CE, as given below, has been calculated by Dutt based on Kalhana's records. [clarification needed], From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, Koenraad Elst: Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate 1999, https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=559022, Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter, Articles needing expert attention from November 2008, Articles with disputed statements from March 2012, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, About Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core. And 40 years after his passing, the translation has now been brought into publication thanks to the zealous efforts of a few lovers of classical literature. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. Son of Durlabhaka and Shrinarendraprabha. Her son was Chippatajayapida. Ruled with his mother Didda as regent, aided by the minister Naravahana. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. [18] Waqfs were endowed to shrines, mosques were commissioned, numerous Sufi preachers were provided with jagirs and installed in positions of authority, and feasts were regularly held. Son of Lalitaditya and Kamaladevi. He dug profound into such model functions as the Harshacharita and the Brihat-Samhita sagas and utilised with a praiseworthy commonality the neighbourhood rajakathas (regal accounts) and such past chips away at Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthiva Wali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. Kalhana was a poet. Look through examples of translation in sentences, listen to pronunciation and learn grammar. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. His family ruled for many generations. [27], He was the seventh ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty, and reigned between 1413 and 1420. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecretations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. The relative A town named Shihabud-dinpura aka Shadipur was founded by him. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. The most glorious period of the Lodi Dynasty was the ruling period of Sikander Lodi. Despite these stated principles, Kalhana's work is also full of legends and inconsistencies (see Historical reliability below). Copyright 2019 Sawaal.com | All Rights Reserved. Deposed by his half-brother Sangramapida. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. The only significance of his rule is that the Sufi saint Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani arrived at Kashmir in his reign. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". The Tusharas did not give a fight but fled to the mountain ranges leaving their horses in the battle field. Deccan education society is an organization which runs 43 education establishments in Maharastra, Pune founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. Ruler of Kashgar (Central Asia) once attacked Kashmir with a large army. In the first Taranga (book) of Rajatarangini, Kalhana expresses his dissatisfaction with the earlier historical books, and presents his own views on how history ought to be written:[4]. 'Great King')[29] and ruled from 1418 to 1470. He was a religious king, and followed a near-ascetic lifestyle. The translation of the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian was its most outstanding achievement. After an Abhimanyu, we come to the main Gonandiya dynasty, founded by Gonanda III. Rajatarangini is more aptly described as meta history. He lies buried in the Gorstan e Shahi in Srinagar. Rajatarangini - Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core In the early years of his reign, the actual power was held by Sussala. The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. The Lohara family was founded by a Nara of Darvabhisara (IV.712). Answer: It is court chronicle that deals with the history of rulers of Kashmir. This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[12]. is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. Corrections? Hari Parbat is visible in the background. Verse 11. There are several discrepancies between the Ashoka mentioned in Kalhana's account and the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. His book Tuti Namah (book of the parrot), written in the time of Muhammad Tughluq, was a Persian translation of Sanskrit stories. [20][18][19] Economic condition was decent. Rajatarangini/Original languages Established the city of. In this article, we will learn about the great ruler, Razia sultan, and the monument, Alai Darwaza. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse.